Steve Jobs Speech Draft Steve Job - 944 Words

Steve Jobs Speech Draft Steve Job’s was one of the most successful men in the world. He accomplished many things in his life before he lost his bout with cancer. Jobs, ironically himself a college dropout, presented the 2005 commencement speech at Stanford University that was both inspiring and gave people a look into how he became the man that he was. I believe Steve Jobs speech is somewhat awkward due to his audience, utilizes the art of storytelling to engage his audience, and utilizes his personal hardships to inspire his audience. Steve Jobs can be described as an unconventional self-made man. He has major events in his life that shaped him both personally and professionally. Jobs was adopted by working class people who never went to college. He attempted college but found it be very expensive for his family. He formally dropped out of college after 6 month, however he cleverly was able to continue to learn by sneaking into classes that interested him. Along wi th his partner, he was able to turn a small business out of a garage into the multi-billion dollar company we know today as Apple in less than 10 years. Everything seem to be going great until he was fired from the company he started and later being diagnosed with cancer. These life altering events helped shape him into the man he was and became the basis of his commencement speech to the 2005 graduating class at Stanford University. It must have felt awkward for Jobs to give a speech to a bunch ofShow MoreRelatedHistory Now1070 Words   |  5 Pages2/10/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section B, Context Context: Introduction Section Warm-Up: A Context Riddle Reading 2: from Communists in the State Department, by Sen. Joseph McCarthy Exploring the Context of Senator McCarthy’s Speech McCarthy Era Self-Check Context Clues More Root Words Loyalty and Betrayal Context Quiz, 40 points Friday, 2/17/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section C, Sentence Variety Sentence Variety: Introduction Section Warm-Up: A ConjunctionRead MoreSpeech : Valedictory Speech Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesValedictory Speech As we stand here today celebrating we are all united by a common thread. What could you or I possibly have in common with Mr MacMaster or Mrs Symes? We are all unique individuals! How appropriate that our College Mission Statement start with: â€Å"to celebrate the uniqueness of each individual.† My schooling at St Andrew started 13 years ago, as a Prep student. We were all a little ‘green’, similar to fragile seedlings of a fruit tree. This was our beginnings of formal educationRead MoreInspirational Speech1567 Words   |  7 PagesI am a part of NGO which is running a cause for people with disabilities. An inspirational speech for the disabled people to motivate them to become successful. Target Audience: Persons with disabilities except for deaf dumb people. Hello Friends, How are you? Doing great? good well, I would begin asking you one question What do you think of yourself? Do you think that you people are waste.. u r the extra baggage which this earth is carrying the society sees towards you with sympathy andRead MoreThe Program Motion Picture1728 Words   |  7 Pagesgames when Joe Kane returns from rehab. Coach Winters has a meeting with the School board regarding to Bobby Collins reinstatement with the University where it is discovery that Bobby Collins has been taking courses such as Beginning golf, voice in speech improvement. Coach Winters then talks the board into reinstating Bobby Collins, However the board brings up another Student athlete Alvin may who also academically suspended, then when reinstated he has had four incompletes and five withdrawals. CoachRead MoreThe And The Un Declaration On Indigenous Rights2314 Words   |  10 Pagesby a Malaysian state-owned energy giant Petronas. The goal of the project is to expect to create 4500 jobs and is estimated to generate $9 billion dollars in revenues for British Columbia in a decade. In this proposal, it seems it is too good to refuse such a perfect offer. On February 29th, Gordon Hoekstra s â€Å"Majority of Public Comments Support Pacific NorthWest LNG Project,† claimed in a Draft Federal Review Report that although the project increases in greenhouse gases and would harm porpoisesRead MoreInformative Speech Outline2182 Words   |  9 Pageswithout stating to whom these ideas or statements belong to. A student suspected of plagiarism can be given a zero mark, and possibly fail the entire course. Assessment: Impromptu speech 10% Informative speech (15% speech, 5% outline) 20% Show and Tell Poster Session (10% speech, 10% poster) 20% Assignment : Group Interaction 10% Final Examination 40% __________________________________________________________________ Total 100% Read MoreCulture Value of Film Theory3565 Words   |  15 PagesFilm Statistics can be used to show that Britain’s film industry is now the third biggest in the world and a prime destination for inward investment. This success story was heralded by James Purnell, new Minister for the Creative Industries, in a speech to the Institute of Public Policy Research in June this year.[1] But what is the relation of this economic success to the vibrancy and breadth of our film culture? A further look at the statistics provided by the UK Film Council for 2004 showsRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement3995 Words   |  16 Pagesthe success of Jackie Robinson, African-Americans couldn t play with whites in the American leagues because of racism, so they formed a league of their own. Seven years before Rosa Park s bus stand and sixteen years before MLK s â€Å"I had a dream speech, Robinson broke the color barrier. Conditions African Americans faced were unthinkable; they endure separate and unequal treatment in both society and in the sports world. Knowing Robinson would endure racism off field and also while playing BrooklynRead MoreBarriers in Speaking Skills5879 Words   |  24 Pages Literature - Written works, esp. those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit: a great work of literature. Communication - is the activity of conveying  information  through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Barriers - A circumstance or obstacle that prevents communication or that keeps people or things apart: a language barrier. Heed -if you heed someone’s advice or warning, you pay attention to it andRead MoreArt of Public Speaking5805 Words   |  24 Pagesall major aspects of speech preparation and presentation. Throughout The Art of Public Speaking I have followed David Hume’s advice that one â€Å"who would teach eloquence must do it chiefly by examples.† Whenever possible, I have tried to show the principles of public speaking in action in addition to describing them. Thus you will find in the book a large number of narratives and extracts from speeches--set off from the text in a contrasting typeface. There are also many speech outlines and sample

The Jewish Culture An Interesting Combination Of Birth...

The Jewish culture is an interesting combination of birth right and religion (Namburg, 2007). One can either be born in to Judaism or can convert (Namburg, 2007). Due to the relationship between culture, ethnicity, and religion, there is diversity within Judaism (Namburg, 2007). There are over 6 million Jews currently living in the United States and its territories (Namburg, 2007). The three cornerstones to the Jewish faith are: G-d, the Torah, and Israel (Namburg, 2007). â€Å"G-d† represents the monotheistic views of Judaism (Namburg, 2007). The Jewish religion is the first to have a monotheistic view and is one of the oldest recorded religions (Rich, 2011.). Until recently, Jews were to refer to God as â€Å"G-d†, now some rabbis, Jewish leaders, have stated that it is acceptable to use God (Rich, 2011). Judaism followers are more concerned with how people relate and interact with God that with what they believe about God (Dosick, 2009). The Torah is the teaching a nd belief system within Judaism (Namburg, 2007). Three sects of Judaism have been established over time: Orthodox, Reform, and Secular (Jewish Culture, 2015). Jobani (2008) argues that secular Jewish culture is a unique branch of the Western secular world. Struggle and persecution has been common for the Jews. The struggle between Jacob, who later changed his name to Israel, and an unknown godly entity is one of the first to be recorded (Namburg, 2007). Throughout Europe and the Middle East, those of the JewishShow MoreRelatedDracula and Science, Superstition, Religion, and Xenophobia1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to science, religion, and some are even a combination of the two. Film and other media outlets have commonly been used to address these types of issues ever since these outlets were started. In the film Dracula, directed by Tod Browning in 1931, many controversial issues of the 1920s and 1930s including science, superstition, religion, and xenophobia are addressed . An argument that has been extremely controversial and debated for centuries is science versus religion. Dracula takes theRead MoreImportance of Intercultural Communication to Ist7702 Words   |  31 PagesChapter 4 - The Deep Structure of Culture Introduction Our interpretation of reality determines how we define the world and how we interact in that world. We believe the source of how a culture views the world can be found in its deep structure. It is this deep structure that unifies and makes each culture unique. Meaning of the Deep Structure of Culture Although many intercultural communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most serious confrontations and misunderstandings are asRead MoreComparing Phaedo and Ecclesiastes3040 Words   |  13 Pages   Separated by language, history and several hundred miles of the Mediterranean Sea, two of the worlds greatest cultures simultaneously matured and advanced in the centuries before the birth of Christianity. In the Aegean north, Hellenic Greeks blossomed around their crown jewel of Athens, while the eastern Holy City of Jerusalem witnessed the continued development of Hebrew tradition. Though they shared adjacent portions of the globe and of chronology, these two civilizations grew up around whollyRead MoreEquality Diversity Unit 1 NCF27061 Words   |  29 PagesLegal consequences Economic/business consequences Social/moral consequences 2.5: Outline any additional duties placed on public sector organisations under current equality legislation 3. Understand how the rights of individuals are protected in the workplace 3.1: Describe the rights individuals have under current legislation 3.2: Describe the responsibilities for equality and diversity in the workplace of: Employees Employers 3.3: Describe the difference between positive action and positiveRead More Life of Brian as Historical Satire Essay examples2766 Words   |  12 Pagesreason why a comedy shouldn’t be beautiful. I wanted it to look like an epic: to look rich and have depth of color.† The intricate scenes in the film reveal a balance between humor and historical reality that allows it to creatively explore ancient culture without having to rely on other canonical films for a cheap laugh. The movie-going public naturally assumes comedy plus history equals parody, which is usually appropriate considering, for example, Robin Hood: Men in Tights (Mel Brooks, 1993)Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesmodification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. Environment a. Developed vs. Developing b. Should environment be saved at all costs c. Are we doing enough to save the environment? d. Main reasons for environmental problems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more than it unites b. Religion and politics c. Science and religion 6. TerrorismRead MoreA Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address9492 Words   |  38 Pagesregister, but also the context in which the speech is situated. Having been skillfully coordinated, they create the 1 performance that aims the delivery of the message. I will focus on the structural and functional properties of the language, the combination of which enables the speaker to achieve the goal of the performance. In chapter 2, I will introduce the historical and cultural context in which the speech was made. Context is defined as â€Å"circumstances that form the setting for an event, statementRead MoreAzerbaijans Tourism Industry12172 Words   |  49 Pagesthereafter on August 30, 1991 (Silaev et al. 2012). Today, Azerbaijan has much going for it in terms of its potential for tourism development, and the republic has a burgeoning tourism industry that stands to gain from the presence of a wide range of interesting destinations, including ancient cities, mausoleums, mosques, palaces, fortresses, and much more (Silaev et al. 2012). Besides ancient sites of interests, Azerbaijan also offers modern mineral spas and resorts that are suitable for recreation orRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pageshis nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desires in relation to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the idea of making the world a single village, thus, globalization. Globalization is the most talk-about issues in the 21st century. However, there is the difficu lty of the world to come up with a single and uniform definition. This is because,Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesstories, and drew cover sketches. Later, he became editor of the Belfry Owl a column in the Monthly. His poem, A Song of the Soul of Central compares the school to a great grey mother who encourages the ambitions of children of all colors and religions. Langstons English teacher at Central, Ethel Weimer, introduced him to the American poets Edgar Lee Masters, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Amy Lowell, and Vachel Lindsay. Carl Sandburg, and Walt Whitman were his favorites. Hughes read Sandburgs

Nutrition A Complex Aspect That Has Many Working Parts...

My Quirky Nutrition Nutrition is a complex aspect that has many working parts. Nutrition has to do with being healthy, fit, safe, and having a balanced diet. Nutrition starts at conception and does not stop from there. It is very important for people to be aware of different aspects that may affect their overall nutrition. We will discuss how my overall nutrition has been developed and formed since my birth throughout my entire life. My nutrition ultimately started with my mom being pregnant. She had a normal pregnancy and she gained an average amount of weight. She had me when I was full term through a natural birthing process. She chose to breastfeed because it was the best and healthiest option for her and I. My mother also felt that breastfeeding was a way to bond with her children. I was her first child, so she was inexperienced when it came to breastfeeding. She had an extremely tough time trying to get me to latch on. She said that this led her to feel that she was an insuffic ient mother. She didn’t understand why I wouldn’t latch on, when other first time mothers were able to get their children to latch with no problem. She didn’t give up and after a little while, she was successfully able to feed me. I was weaned off of breastmilk around 12 months. However, I started eating â€Å"jarred† foods at around 6 months. I preferred to eat sweet food such as such as fruits. My favorite jarred foods were apples and carrots. I did not enjoy canned meats, although I didn’t mindShow MoreRelatedPhysical Development in Middle Childhood Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesand development. Many factors influence motor development in middle childhood. Adequate nutrition is important . A proper diet supplies the brain and other essential organs with the nutritional requirements for optional functioning. Poor food choices and over-eating promote obesity which contributes to inactivity. An obese child finds it more challenging and less rewarding to participate in physical activity. A child within a healthy weight range is more likely to take part in physical activityRead MoreThe Third Leading Cause Death Of The United States1149 Words   |  5 PagesDid you know diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States? (Fukunaga, 2011). Many are unaware approximately 25.8 million American’s, 8.3% of the population suffer from diabetes. Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM II) is by far the most prevalent and accounts for 90-95 percent of the 25.8 million diabetic patients. The long term complications of DM II make it a devastating disease. It is the leading c ause of adult blindness, end-stage kidney disease, and non-traumatic lower limbRead MoreEffects Of Addiction On Recovery From Addiction1746 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction has hit your life hard and you re ready to start over again by attending a rehab center. We re proud of you for making the right decision! It s not one that is easy to make because it requires massive and difficult life changes. However, moving successfully through recovery is the most important moment you ll ever experience in your life. True recovery from addiction requires a commitment to cleansing your life of the negative impact of addiction and starting over. There are many differentRead MoreDifferent Disciplines Of Sports And Exercise Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent disciplines are kept in check by different governing bodies. These governing bodies make sure practitioners are correct in practice and state what they can and cannot do. There are many different disciplines within sport and exercise science and they all have different approaches to improve sporting performance and health. Governing body’s reason for existence is to set out policies and rules within an institution to make sure practitioners are morally ethically and legally correct. GoverningRead MoreThe Benefits of Animal Testing to the Field of Medicine1097 Words   |  4 Pagesanimal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of medicine, and understanding how the human body works. The use of animals in scientific research continues to play a vital part developing improvements in healthcare and the environment. The opportunities presented by scientific advances are used to replace or reduce animal use, and to refine procedures to minimise suffering. Animal testing is a controversial subject. BecauseRead MoreGenetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Intelligence1296 Words   |  6 Pageshaving a genetic basis, or a reasonably substantial genetic influence. Though there is no known single gene that has been co nclusively linked to intelligence, and it is likely that a combination of genetic factors is at work here, it is widely agreed that â€Å"g† (or general intelligence) runs in families. This is not the same as Intelligence Quotient, but it is roughly comparable. There are many studies that have found this, and observations provide support for this, too. Identical twins have preciselyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Suzana s Speech Is Both Interesting, Informative, Persuasive, But By The End It Has Raised987 Words   |  4 Pages Suzana’s speech is both interesting and informative, but by the end it has raised many more questions than it has answered. I would agree with her ending conclusion; that our primary advantage over other animals stems from the higher concentration of neurons in our cerebral cortex, and that this advantage was made possible by the advent of cooked food over raw food as our source of calorie intake. Within this paper I hope to not only share what I have learned and my own reflections on this lectureRead MoreHow Does The Agency And Alcohol Abuse Affect Children From A Middle Class?1201 Words   |  5 Pageswrite and spell better than boys and adding to this boys were in needed of support. Gender plays a part in academically achievement however class is also another role in everyday life. A report by Iain Dunca n Smith, the former Conservative leader stated that white working-class boys have become the new underclass This may be caused by family breakdown, drug and alcohol abuse. It is clear that working class children achieve lower achievement than children from a middle-class background. With a focusRead MoreFrailty Syndrome As Elderly Individuals Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesLife expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century due primarily to the control of infectious diseases, especially in the younger cohorts and the improvement of medical care and nutrition. This has, however, resulted in a large percentage of the older population suffering chronic diseases. The population within Canada is aging and we are living longer than we have in the past. According to Statistics Canada (2012), from 1920-1922, a man’s average lifespan was 59 years of age and a woman’sRead MoreEssay on The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging1680 Words   |  7 Pagesage as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and

Essay on Between the Lines The Importance of Nonverbal...

Between the Lines: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication The symbols we use to communicate are the vital fabric that holds human society together. Every day, billions of people around the globe use a plethora of symbols to relay information, exchange ideas, and solve problems. When these symbols are used in an effective way, they can change how someone views life, rouse people to a common cause, or infuse emotions and ideas into those that can understand. But what kind of symbols am I referring to? Most would think that I speak of verbal, oral, and textual symbols, and, to a certain extent, they are correct. But there are other symbols that many do not pay much attention to, symbols that speak between the lines of normal conversation†¦show more content†¦When I meet somebody for the very first time, my impression of them before they speak is made largely on how they look. During that period, questions such as â€Å"is he/she well dressed or well groomed?† or â€Å"is his/her apparel appropriate?† usually cross my mind; while I know that my rapid assessment of a person by appearance is by no means fair, accurate, or thorough, it nonetheless a powerful factor in first time impressions that gives some insight into a person. As a result of this, I change my appearance depending on what is deemed appropriate by the social situation. If I am attending a formal lecture or seminar, for example, I definitely would not throw on a T-shirt and jeans, as it would be deemed inappropriate by those attending. Rather, I would suit up for the occasion and wear something more formal. On a similar note, it would be both outrageous and impractical for me to attend a workshop or activity of some kind that demanded physical activity; the social circumstance deems it inappropriate and I would be sending a negative symbol. Another form of nonverbal symbols is proxemics. It is a form of nonverbal symbolism that pertains to â€Å"personal space†; more specifically, it deals with the physical distance between a person and the individual that he/she is interacting with. That is not to say each individual has but one boundary; on the contrary, the average person has several, ranging from theShow MoreRelatedUse Of Verbal And Non Verbal Elements1490 Words   |  6 PagesNicolette Jimenez Dr. Soud English 110 13 November 2014 Read Between the Lines It is very typical among people to forget about the many aspects involved in communication as a whole. Communication is in part the verbal content, but also in part the nonverbal content. It is the nonverbal content, however, that holds the importance of the message and the underlying meaning being translated. But as it is now the 21st century, we have blindly become part of a social media oriented culture. A cultureRead MoreCommunication, Understanding, Intimacy And Mutual Valuing1750 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing.† Rollo May, a psychologist and the writer of the influential book Love and Will, once said this. Communication has shaped the world we live in. Communication allowed for cultures to evolve into great empires and the millions of people living within to understand what their peers are saying whether their thoughts are conveyed by talking or physical expression. Communicati on is a never ending process thatRead MoreEffects of Verbal Communication1747 Words   |  7 PagesVerbal Communication Communication of all types can be found everywhere. It does not necessarily have to be spoken or oral, it can be found in verbal and nonverbal forms. This is especially true in the areas of the criminal justice system. Communications can be found in equipment, reports, phones, in roll call, or everyday operations. For police officers and other members of the criminal justice system, communication in some form or type can always be certain. It may be in the form of verbal communicationRead MoreBusiness Management And Hospitality Industry1370 Words   |  6 Pagestheir field, but they also are also looking for a member who can be an effective team player and possess a good communication skill. Although, these skills were the basis of business management and hospitality industry, they have been increasingly required in health care industry and have become and important aspect for job seekers in healthcare. Importance of Professionalism, Communication and Collaboration in Workplace Professionalism often gets interpreted as the knowledge of one’s profession orRead MoreEssay on Personal and Professional Healthcare Communication1456 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal and Professional Health Care Communication Dorcas Gray HCS/350 October 14, 2013 Tracy D. Andrews Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Communication is a skill learned and developed overtime and is used to convey various information, express emotions, and desires. In the health field, it not only important to have a continual line of communication but also one that is effective. According to Brashers and Babrow (1996) â€Å"Communication in health and illness constitutes oneRead MoreDoing Business in Korea Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding Korea’s underlying tones and nonverbal behaviors (Korea4expats, 2012). International businesses interacting with Korea need to understand the difference in Korea’s culturally defined communication practices. American business practices are a low-context culture, where we put great emphasis on spoken words. Korea is a high-context culture, where they emphasize nonverbal messages. There are three cultural practices of Korea that greatly differ its communication with Americans; Kibun,Nunchi, andRead MoreThe Structure And Dynamics Of Communication Network971 Words   |  4 Pagesto understand the importance of communication in business, the structure and dynamics of communication network are central importance for the functionality of organization. To show various dimension of workplace communication including different type of organization and communication network with organization. Understanding that communication skills are all around us, from the day we are born until the rest of our lives. Understanding how many times you have seen communication skills required forRead MoreCommunication Is The All Of The Procedures By Which One Mind Can Affect Another1146 Words   |  5 Pages WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? â€Å"Communication is the all of the procedures by which one mind can affect another† It can be defined as the key that joins various factors of an organization. It determines the success or failure of an organization. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: †¢ INTRA-PERSONAL. †¢ INTER-PERSONAL. †¢ EXTRA-PERSONAL. †¢ ORGANISATIONAL GROUP. †¢ MASS. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. As management communication, public communication, advertising and personal selling. 2. As ingredient of corporateRead MoreMy Group Members And I Recorded Ourselves Speaking1750 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment, I plan to analyse my communication skills. My group members and I recorded ourselves speaking. I plan to do this by applying theory to practice in reviewing this 10 minute video, I have recorded this video with P in accordance with the university confidentiality policies. I will seek to define and outline the meaning of communication, the differences between types of communication, analysis of the skills used while communicating and conclude. Communication is an activity we partake in everydayRead MoreThe Nurse Of The Future Core Competency : Communication859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nurse of the Future Core Competency: Communication Communication is any form of expressing and receiving of messages between individuals. The importance of Communication in the nursing profession is to maintain high quality care for the patient but also maintain effective collaboration between professionals. Boykins, D (2014) states that the â€Å"registered nurse is expected to communicate in various formats and in all areas of practice†. Various formats include speaking to patients and coworkers

Women and Horror in Friday the 13th Essay Example For Students

Women and Horror in Friday the 13th Essay Friday the 13th is a 1980 American slasher film directed by Sean S. Cunningham and written by Victor Miller. The film revolves around a group of teenagers who are murdered one by one while attempting to reopen an abandoned campground which has a terrible past of murders and deaths including an incident of a drowning of a young boy named Jason. The film is also considered one of the first â€Å"true† slasher films in film history. Slasher films are a sub-genre of horror films, which typically involves a violent psychopath murdering a sequence of victims, usually with a bladed tool such as a knife. The slasher genre often has conventions that include brutal killings showing blood and gore and suffering, screeching and loud music to hint the appearance of the killer that he was near and that something was going to happen soon, and also dark lighting for more mystery and suspense. The general representation of gender were shown through the lead girl character Alice and the killer, Pamela, who was Jason’s mother. Alice was represented as a modest and decent girl and appearing quite â€Å"boyish† (having a haircut that very similarly looks like Luke Skywalker’s haircut, and it was also shown in the scene where she was nailing and repairing the roof doing â€Å"man† work which desexualizes her in the film). Alice was seen as a virginal woman in the film as she did not strip in the Strip Monopoly game. After Jason’s mother, Pamela’s death it showed that Alice finally killed her and that only a woman can overpower another woman. Also, in the film, the killer was portrayed that as Jason’s mother because the male audience finds it more acceptable for the killer to be woman (or as a psychologically messed up male) since they cannot accept the fact that a normal male cannot kill. It is typically portrayed that Alice (the final girl) being masculine and virginal and therefore she lives while the other girls who are sexually promiscuous, die. In some ways, the society in the 1960’s was the opposite of that of the 80’s. The 1960’s were years of protest and reform young Americans demonstrated against the Vietnam War, African Americans demonstrated for civil rights, and women demonstrated for equal treatment. For many, societys hero was the person who helped others. However, for many in the 1980’s society’s hero was the person who helped himself and success seemed to be measured only by how much money a person made. During the Black Civil Rights Movement, women realized that if African Americans could have equal rights then so should women. Women realized that they could be more independent the invention of the â€Å"pill† gave women more control and were no longer thought of as traditional women who stayed home and looked after children. The role of women in the 1960’s were for them to be good housewives, to get married at an early age and for them to devote the rest of their life to housework. Even if women had jobs, (which are very rare, and those who did have one were often single women who had no one to support them financially) they had the typical nurse, teacher or secretary jobs which were incredibly biased. Married women need not work as their husbands was the sole breadwinner in the family. However, after the Feminist movement in the 1980’s, women had much more independence and the freedom to do what they like and they did not need to only have that â€Å"housewife† role, they had many more options that opened up and they were deemed equal to men and started to have jobs and were definitely freer and could support themselves more, with better paying jobs with higher salaries as well. The idea of the 1960’s â€Å"perfect big family† died down as well due to the introduction of the contraceptive pill that women could take and going on birth control helped them to widen their control over their own lives and body and women could start controlling the way their lives work. The role of women definitely changed in the timeline of 20 years, and it was that women’s name in society risen up and they could be seen as independent as men and could be able to do the same jobs that some men were doing equally as well and they were no longer seen as weak and dependent on men. A very typical convention of the slasher genre is the final girl, the term coined by media theorist Clover, which is a very common convention which specifically refers to a lone woman or girl alive becoming the last one standing to fend off and confront the villain/killer and is also the last one left to be able to tell the story. There had been many different films where the final girl was observed such as Halloween, Scream, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and also definitely also shown in Friday the 13th. Clover suggests that in these films, the viewer begins by sharing the perspective of the killer but then experiences a shift in identification to the final girl partway through the film. Final girls are always portrayed as a very good and decent female, a virginal and moralistic figure (that often survives because she has not sinned) who also avoids the vices of victims such as sex and narcotic usage; often does not want to drink, smoke or do drugs as a symbol of her special status. Wish Fulfillment in Modern Film EssayThis look could be voyeuristic (women viewed as virtuous and beautiful) or fetishistic (women viewed as excessively sexual beings). One example of Mulvey’s theory fitting into the film was in the scene when the teenagers were playing Strip Monopoly, where they had to remove pieces of clothing to â€Å"pay up† for their rents. Even though Alice (the final girl) does not strip, the other girl did strip and was seen in her bra, giving the male audience the pleasure seeing this female character strip and some women in this film was indeed sexualized. The females beside Alice in the film were very revealing ever since the opening scene. There were not any scenes where Alice’s two other female friends were not showing skin or have their boobs pushed up and they were wearing tight fitting clothes and showing off their body unlike Alice who were very decently dressed and was not at all girly. This sexual representation gave the male audience while the female audience rather has to accept that they were presented and acted in this way in the film. One female character was killed in the bathroom scene which can relate to the â€Å"anal† stage of the Mulvey theory which also breaks some of the Hays Code by showing sexual scenes between couples, which shows the objectification of women in the sex scenes. Investigating scopophilia, which means the pleasure of watching, one example from the scene was when the power goes off (because of the doings of the killer), we as an audience, ‘the bearer of the gaze, have relatively more power as we know why the power has gone off but the characters in the film did not which therefore further investigates Male Power. These fit into Mulvey’s Gaze theory that women are being viewed as objects and sexualized (which leads to them being killed following the Final Girl theory as they have sinned and should be punished) while the decent and virgin woman (not being sexualized in this case) survived the ordeal, thus confirming the Gaze theory. The final outcome of this film is that â€Å"the final girl†, being Alice, is the last and also the majority of the time the only survivor in the typical horror/slasher film. The reason being is that she does not engage in drugs, alcohol or in any type of sexual acts. The final outcome showed Alice overpowering the female killer, who was Jason’s mother. This therefore shows that only a woman could overpower another woman in contrast to the movie Psycho where it was a man who overpowered the killer. Film-makers, even in our more modern society, is likely to still target sexually active women and virgins the reality is that the average eighteen year old female would have engaged in sexual intercourse or would have also, taken or tried drugs and smoking and also have taken alcohol as well. Directors and producers are still using rather traditional morals in the horror/slasher genre. Modern day horror/slasher movies are still using the final girl theory and still following along the rules that if a girl has â€Å"sinned†, be it sexually or by taking drugs/alcohol, must be punished and killed off while the decent girl is allowed to live (however, she must also go through a big amount of suffering. ) The killer in Friday the 13th is a woman because the final girl in the film can’t overpower a man (or a proper man if the killer was a male, he had to be psychologically or mentally sick). The representation of women in all of this is that the ‘Final Girl’ only survives if she is a â€Å"good masculine virgin. † The message being put across to the audience is that if you do participate in not â€Å"moral† activities, you will definitely die, meaning â€Å"not go far in life†. Women are being subjected to men, because of the way that women were being represented in Friday the 13th where the girls â€Å"acted† wildly being sexually promiscuous towards men, and thus were looked on by the male audience that they were more of sexual objects rather than good, proper women. Women who do not follow the typical â€Å"rules of horror† would definitely get killed off (if they have sex, do drugs). This representation gives off the effect that women needs to be proper and extremely decent if they want to do well and go far in society. This definitely affects the society and the representation of women negatively as the society would definitely look down upon and negatively treat someone because of the certain â€Å"wrongdoings† that they have done in their life. Women now has to think that they have to act a certain and â€Å"good† and â€Å"decent† way for them to be accepted by society and this is definitely not right as women should be given the most right to do whatever they want in their lives without the horrible judgement of other people in the society. Society, especially in media, should start representing women in a more independent manner that women are able to be strong and independent as well and could go far in our society despite sometimes not â€Å"following† the fixed rules.

Law of Double Taxation Conventions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Law of Double Taxation Conventions. Answer: Introduction: The present case study is concerned with the issue of determination of residential status of Jenny who worked as an accountant and had recently shifted to Australia for the purpose of providing advice to the large volume of former residents of Hong Kong on setting up the business in Melbourne. As evident from the case study, it is found that Jenny initially intended to stay for three months by travelling across the cities. Following the end of three months, Jenny complied to stay for more period, on being asked by the employer to take up the position in Sydney for an extended nine months. According to the Taxation ruling of TR 98/17, it lay down that an individual entering Australia for a period of more than six months as workers or employee with pre-arranged contracts of employment would be treated as the Australian resident (Lang, 2014). To determine the residential status of Jenny below stated test are conducted; Resides test Domicile test 183 days test As held in the case of FC of T v. Applegate (1979) residential status of an individual becomes the most vital aspect in determining the liability to impose tax on the Australian income (Miller Oats, 2016). In order to determine the residential status of the Jenny it is necessary to consider the definition of section 995-1 of the ITAA 1936 where an individual is considered as the Australian resident. One of the primary test of determining an individual residential test is resides test (Robin 2017). If an individual resides in Australia in respect of the ordinary meaning of the word, then no other form of test is applied in determining the residential status of the individual. As evident from the current case of Jenny, it can be stated that she is cannot be considered as an Australian resident under the resides test since she did not resided in Australia in respect of the ordinary meaning of the word Resides. The period of physical presence though forms important criteria in determining the residential status. When the behaviour of the consistent with the objective of residing in Australia is illustrated over a considerable period of time an individual is treated the Australian resident from the time the behaviour commences (Blakelock King, 2017). Additionally, if an individual enters to Australia with the intention of residing for a period less than six for a short term employment contract but the stay is extended in the later events to more than six months then they are regarded as the Australian resident from the time they arrived in Australia. As held in the case of Miesegaes v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue (1957) individuals entering in Australia in order to take up the pre-arranged employment opportunities or educational course may be residing in Australia if the stay is consistent with residing in Australia (Anderson et al., 2016). As evident from the current scenario of Jenny, it can be stated that she will be regarded as an Australian resident in terms of the period of stay since her initial intention of stay was for only three months. However, on accepting an employment contract of nine months demonstrated the behaviour that is consistent with residing in Australia. As stated in the Taxation ruling of IT 2650, an individual whose domicile is in Australia or has been in Australia constantly for a period of more than six months either intermittently or in breaks will be treated as Australian residents (Tran-Nam Walpole, 2016). In respect of the present study of Jenny Domicile test is applied to determine the residential status of her stay in Australia. In ascertaining an individual domicile in respect of the definition resident under subsection 6 (1) it is vital to determine an individual intention of stay to the country and make their home indefinitely. According to the rule of common law, an individual acquires the place of birth as the domicile of their origin (Coleman Sadiq, 2013). Nevertheless, the rule of common law is also subjected to certain exceptions where an individual is allowed to make their domicile of their own choice or place of abode in another nation. As held in the case of Henderson v. Henderson (1965) the intention of the person is required to be direction of making their indeterminately (Harris et al., 2013). In respect of the present case study of Jenny, it can be stated that the she bought a leased apartment in Sydney. Therefore, this primarily meets the criteria of subsection 6 (1) in acquiring the place of abode in accordance with her own choice of residing in Australia. As defined under section 6 (1) of the taxation rulings 2650 while ascertaining the place of abode it is vital to take account of the intention of the individual as to where an individual undertakes the decision of making their home (Kenny, 2013). As noticed from the present scenario of Jenny it can be stated that she has been present in Australia for constantly for a period of more than half of the income year since her arrival on 25th April 2016 and will be considered as the Australian resident since she complies with the criteria of domicile test. The 183 days test defines the necessary order in order to deviate the difficulties that occasionally originates in establishing the satisfaction that an individual is Australian resident. The test is generally applied under circumstances when an individual presence in Australia has been for more than half of the income year (Kenny et al., 2017). As evident from the current situation of Jenny, it can be stated that she has been present in Australia for more than six months constantly and leased a house in Sydney so that she can live. The present case clearly identifies the intention of Jenny of taking up the domicile in Australia and clearly meets the criterion of 183 days. Hence, on taking into the considerations the above defined test it can be stated that Jenny will be considered as the Australia resident from the time when she arrived in Australia. As defined by the Australian taxation office an individual getting lump sum payment from the employer is generally not considered as the capital gains therefore these lump sum possess more likely the nature of nature of ordinary income (Keyzer et al., 2015). The Australian taxation office regard lump sum in the form of inducement for the individuals to enter in to the agreement of employment. Therefore, it is ascertained that the receipt of lump sum is fundamentally connected with the provision of the employment. As an alternative, it can be asserted that the receipt of lump sum is viewed as the profit or gain from the isolated transition of the course of entering into the agreement of employment contract (Morgan et al., 2013). As evident from the current case study of Jenny, it can be stated that the lump sum amount that is received by her would be treated as the inducement of entering into the agreement of the employment. Therefore, it is assumed that the lump sum that is received by Jenny is fundamentally connected to the provision of the service of the employment. As an alternative, an assertion can be bought forward that the lump sum payment received by Jenny is in the form of profit from the isolated transaction and in the course of entering into the employment contract. The mere fact that the payment is considered in this respect as the one off lump sum payment and it is principally considered for the terms of the employment (Nethercott et al., 2014). Therefore, the lump sum received by Jenny is not having the characteristics of the capital receipt. The payment received by Jenny is considered as the assessable income since it is an income under the ordinary concept. Additionally the sum that is received by Jenny is in having the connection with employment. As defined under the section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 an amount will be treated as the taxable income given the fact that the income is in ordinary concepts. As held in the case of Federal Commissioner of Taxation v. Harris (1980) an amount will be considered as the ordinary income given that the payment received forms the part of the employment, service or any business (Woellner, 2013). Additionally, it also considers the form and character of the payments in the hands of the recipients or whether such payment is lump sum or periodically. It also considers the motive of the person making such payment. As evident from the current scenario of Jenny it can be stated that motive of the person, making payment of lump sum was to encourage her join Television network. The motive of the payer and the purpose of the individual in pursuing his or her activity must be determined whether the lump sum payment are assessable under the ordinary concepts as the income (Woellner et al., 2014). It can be argued in the present context of Jenny that the payment received by her is are not for regular expenditure nor they are treated as the reward for an activity. They are in the form of encouragement of joining the Television Network. Therefore, the amount that is received by Jenny would constitute income in ordinary sense and such income would be included in the taxable statement that will be liable for taxation. Statement of Taxable Income of Jenny For the year ended 2016 Particulars Reference Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income Type Gross Salary Section 6-5 of ITAA 97 100000 Receipt of Lump sum Payment Section 6-5 of ITAA 97 400000 Total Assessable Income 500000 Allowable Deductions Nil Total Taxable Income 500000 Tax On taxable Income 198232 Medicare Levy 10000 Total Tax Payable 208232.00 Reference List: Anderson, C., Dickfos, J., Brown, C. (2016). The Australian Taxation Office-what role does it play in anti-phoenix activity?.INSOLVENCY LAW JOURNAL,24(2), 127-140. Blakelock, S., King, P. (2017). Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), 18. Coleman, C., Sadiq, K.Principles of taxation law 2013. Harris, J., Graw, S., Gilders, F., Kenny, P., Van der Waarden, N.2013 Theory and law in the regulation of business. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Kenny, P., Blissenden, M., Villios, S.Australian tax 2017. Keyzer, P., Goff, C., Fisher, A.2015 Principles of Australian constitutional law. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Nethercott, L., Devos, K., Gonzaga, L. (2014)Australian taxation study manual. ROBIN, H. (2017).AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press. Tran-Nam, B., Walpole, M. (2016). Tax disputes, litigation costs and access to tax justice.eJournal of Tax Research,14(2), 319. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law (2012). North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D.Australian taxation law 2014.

Dream a little dream Essay Example For Students

Dream a little dream Essay Dream a Little DreamMy grandmother always said, you cannot choose between life or death while sleeping. When you are sleeping, your body practically doesnt belong to you. Its almost as though you have no control over anything that might happen to you in your dreams, especially if it is something dangerous. When I ask people why this happens, they theorize that a powerful force or being has entrapped your body. You could end up dying in your dreams, thus leading to your death or illness in reality. Its possible for someone to suffer a heart attack from what they dreamt, depending on how frightening the situation was. Ive heard of people going to bed one night and, the next morning, waking up not remembering who they are or actually becoming insane. It is with these mysterious beliefs that one becomes afraid to dream anymore. I had never actually experienced a life and death situation while sleeping, at least not until recently. It was in early November of 2001, if I remember correctly, on a Thursday night, when I was just closing my eyes to enjoy a nice peaceful sleep. I could feel myself floating almost like someone was taking me from my room. I couldnt feel anything, since I was literally out cold. Suddenly, I was awake with my eyes closed and my body unmoved. I tried to open my eyes, but they could not open, I tried to move my body, but I would not stir. My efforts were futile; I eventually tried harder and this time I was awake. I went to sleep and it happened again. I felt myself being literally chained to my bed or, better stated, buried in a rich mixture of concrete. All my bones, veins, limbs and the rest of my body parts were frozen. I couldnt believe the fact that I wasnt capable of moving, almost as though I was paralyzed. I started to wonder if I was in a coma or if I had one of those major d iseases, such as strokes, which could not be cured. This would be a terrible way to grow up not being able to live a normal life. Think of the laughs that I would miss all because I couldnt move. I would be frozen in time watching everyone around me doing things I once did. It suddenly struck me that what if I wasnt ill, what if someone or something had taken control of me. I was now between life and death, which I had once feared, would determine my future. Now I was afraid, afraid that I would die in my sleep. I had lost control over my entire body all because some strange being had taken it away from me. I could actually picture him going from body to body, sucking all the nutrients away. What confused me though, out of all the bodies, why had he chosen me? I had to do something; I needed to regain my consciousness at any cost. So, I tried until I was finally awake from that captivation. This time I tried not to sleep again, however I was too tired and so, fell asleep luckily with no interruptions. This uncanny situation made me very afraid. The fact that it happened twice that night made me feel even more intimidated. I could still remember waking; thinking that someone else was in the room. It was invisible, only detectable by impulse. I could feel his presence as he drugged me, waiting for me to fall into a deep trance. As I inhaled and exhaled, there he was counting each breath of air. I knew he was still there, even after I regained control over my body. The strange thing was he didnt make an effort to over power me again. The twisted and tormented movies I loved to watch had finally caught up with me. The most frightful thing about the situation was the fact that I had seen things like this only in movies. I never thought I would actually experience such a strangesituation right in my very bedroom. It wasnt like I was watching a horror film or witnessed a brutal incident, but it just took place making me feel terrified plus unsafe to even dream or watch television anymore. I fear that it will take place again and this time something bad will really happen to me. .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .postImageUrl , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:visited , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:active { border:0!important; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:active , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Handling Stress EssayI was the winner; this strange being that had control over me had now lost. He was man enough to accept his defeat and so, left me to continue my journey to where ever life is willing to take me. I am only twenty years-old; I wasnt ready to leave this world. At least not until I had experienced the fulfillment lifes hands has encompassed for me. I am free, free to enjoy Christmas and all other holidays in the future. On the other hand, I am still open to melancholy and deviation, which the world possesses. Its then acceptable to say that I was literally reincarnated to make the right choices with life. I had to ponder on the thought that if I hadnt resisted, I might not be alive. Its a scary thought and emotion. What would happen if I had crossed over to the other side, death with no life after, according to some scientists and philosophers? On the other hand, would I have made it to heaven or hell as described by religious believers? The answer to that is not easy to define. I never reached that stage and I can only hope and pray that I will never reach there until the right time. Words/ Pages : 936 / 24

The Salem Witch Trials Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Witchcraft

The Salem Witch Trials Essay on the Witches in Massachusetts by Lars M?llegaard Hansen (F) What evil spirit have you familiarity with? None. Have you made no contract with the devil? No. Why do you hurt these children? I do not hurt them. I scorn it. Who do you imploy then to do it? I imploy no body. What creature do you imploy then? No creature. I am falsely accused. Dialogue based on the examination of Sarah Good by Judges Hawthorne and Corwin Even though Sara Good claimed that she was wrongly accused, the judges did not take her word for it. Instead they trusted the testimony of children, children who had no proof or evidence of any kind. To understand why one must look into the society in which the trials took place. It was a society where Puritanism ruled. The extreme Protestant movement who sought a purification of the English church, which of curse meant a swift and thorough elimination of all that threatened their beliefs, including witches. One must also remember that the power of superstition and hearsay can distort the truth. And indeed it was a time of rumors and an almost unquestionable belief in the supernatural. For Salem Villagers, Satan was a living, supernatural being who could and did appear to people, either in his own form or that of another. He could converse with mortals, bargain with them, even enter into agreements with them. The witches who submitted to such devilish compacts bargained their souls in return for special powers or favors: money and good fortune, perhaps, or the ability to revenge themselves on others. Demons at that time was as real as TV is today, and maybe that was why the ministers was so quick to believe the testimony of the children. If the demons was real then just as real was the church, and of curse the ministers could not believe that the children would lie to the church. Leave out the possibility that real witchcraft was in fact what happened, and that the children did not lie to the ministers, then how could such a tragedy occur? The deterioration of Salems social structure precipitated the murders of many innocent people. Arthur Millers depiction of the Salem witch trials, The Crucible and later the motion picture: The Salem Witch Trials, deals with a community that starts out looking like it is tightly knit and church loving. It turns out that once Tituba starts pointing her finger at the witches, the community starts pointing their fingers at each other. Hysteria and hidden agendas break down the social structure and then everyone must protect themselves from the people that they thought were their friends. The church, legal system and the togetherness of the community died so that children could protect their families social status. Being isolated from any other group of people with different beliefs created a church led Puritan society that was not able to accept a lot of change. The church was against the devil, at the same time it was against such things as dancing and other premature acts. The reputation of the family was very important to the members of the community. When the girls were caught dancing in the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but the reputation of their families. They claimed that the devil took them over and influenced them to dance. The girls also said that they saw members of the town standing with the devil. A community living in a puritan society like Salem could easily go into a chaotic state and have a difficult time dealing with what they consider to be the largest form of evil. Salems hysteria made the community lose faith in the spiritual beliefs that they were trying to strictly enforce. The justice system was designed to protect the people that it serves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment. The punishment of death was given to all people that pleaded not guilty; the other punishment was to plead guilty and avoid execution. Salem was turning into a ghost town. With the community turning on each other, the church loosing its respect and influence, and an unjust legal system, it is only natural that the people were

Labor Day Essays - Charade, Films, , Term Papers

Labor Day Labor Day Charade Peter Noel plays fast and loose with the facts to attack me [At Each Other's Throats, October 6]. I did not march behind a racist float in a Labor Day Parade in Broad Channel, Queens, as he wrote, which he knows since he told one of my staff members that he has my statements strongly and publicly condemning that grossly racist float. In fact, I was at the front of the parade campaigning among the people who were watching, and left when it started raining. The float was at the very end of the parade. Had I seen it, I would have loudly protested before leaving. Noel tries to cover his falsehood by seeming to give my side, writing that Hevesi later denied he was aware that the float was part of the parade. That makes me sound like a weasel. As if I marched behind this float, but now I'm trying to claim that I didn't know it was part of the parade. That is not what happened, and it is not what I said. I have fought against bigots of every type and every color. I denounced Joseph Kovner, the Jewish council member from Deer Park, New York, when he called State Comptroller Carl McCall a Harlem nigger, and demanded Kovner's resignation. I condemned the bigotry of Queens council member Julia Harrison when she attacked Asians, and I supported her Asian opponent in the last election. I have gone to Queens to confront school board member Frank Borzellieri and his campaign of hate against racial minorities and gay men and lesbians. And I attacked Khallid Muhammad as the leading anti-Semite, anti-Catholic and anti-gay bigot in America. Disagree with my positions all you want, but do not use falsehood and distortion to try to paint me as a racist. Alan G. Hevesi Comptroller City of New York Peter Noel replies: It doesn't matter if Alan Hevesi was at the back or the front of the parade. The truth is that he was at a racist parade, and was exposed. It strains credulity that he was not aware of the float carrying white men in blackface parodying the murder of a black man in Jasper. This was not the mammoth West Indian Parade or the St. Patrick's Day Parade. This was a tiny parade in a predominantly white, backwater enclave in Queens. Is this the same Alan Hevesi who could not separate Khallid Abdul Muhammad, the messenger, from the message of the Million Youth March? Hevesi's dilemma is that he doesn't know how to undo the political harm he has done to the African American community. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ahoy Vey What the hell is Karla Jay talking about? [Queers Ahoy: The High Price of Gay and Lesbian Travel, September 29] Maybe the ignorant, racist/colonialist/imperialist tourist who wants to travel, but not see? Such tourism--gay or straight--should be examined. These cruises and packages often have exclusive beachfront properties in places like Jamaica, leaving locals with less and less seafront access. Why not stay home? Go to Florida. Why the Nile, or the Bahamas, or Thailand? Clearly, not for the history, culture, or the people. In Jay's discussion of sex, she blatantly disregards the populations of several travel destinations. Was it that she was writing about gay clients of the sex trade--not straight businessmen with poor Thai women--that allowed the Voice to print this article that disregards the lack of economic and social mobility that exists for young Thai men? In the piece, a travel agent is quoted as stating of Thailand that the sex is very readily available and elderly gentlemen are the delight of young Thais. Really? Finally, Queers Ahoy and queer package trips themselves assume terrible things: that straight and gay people cannot be social partners (one man in the article laments the possibility of having dinner with straight people); that gay people have not carved out niches wherever they live in the world; that as a traveler you have no interest in meeting locals and finding out how they live; that you can act any way you like wherever you go in the world. Queer, or loving the same sex, means different things all over the world. Find out instead

Thesis Statement Writing Tips and Guides

Thesis Statement Writing Tips and Guides Useful Tips on Writing a Good Thesis Statement for an Essay What is a thesis statement? How should it look like? Newbies are sick and tired of answering those questions. A thesis statement is actually a movie trailer for your major work. It highlights the key ideas and aspects of the topic. Although it may seem easy to write, a thesis statement becomes a major challenge for 100% of students no matter how good they are at essay writing. Our tips will make the process simpler and less time-consuming. We do hope you will find them handy. The importance of thesis statement Here are the key points that describe the importance of the thesis statement: It showcases your ideas; It organizes the argument; It contains guidelines for the reader; It establishes claims for a dispute. Types of thesis statements All thesis statements can be divided into two main types: debatable and non-debatable. Make sure you clearly understand the difference before you use any of those types: The debatable thesis is a statement that considers opinion readers may agree or disagree; The non-debatable thesis is a statement that does not reserve any place for readers to debate. What is a proper length of a thesis statement? Avoid writing too long thesis statements. Most students get into a trap when writing huge papers. They think that the length of the thesis statement depends on the volume of a general paper. Well, it does not. The shorter and narrower your thesis, the better. Two or three sentences are more than enough to get your readers intrigued. The thesis should have a claim for a future dispute. Types of thesis statement claims Each claim refers to a particular type and category. They are as follows: Definition or common fact; Event and Result (cause and effect); Value of the category described; Policies and solutions. Include the claim depending on your readers’ type. The audience always matters when it comes to choosing the right claim for your thesis statement. Tips to build a thesis statement Follow our easy tips to construct a solid thesis statement that will grab readers’ attention: Explore and research the sources – you need to analyze all the information you generate from different sources. Compare and contrast all facts to establish your own opinion on the topic; Always make notes – write down everything that comes up to your head. Make sure you always hold a pen or pencil; Include your thesis in the introduction – a thesis statement should be the last part of the introductory paragraph; Provide counterarguments – a thesis statement should encourage your readers on further debates and discussions. Anticipating counterarguments will be a good idea. To know if your thesis is good, try to answer some of the following questions: Does it contain answers to the essay questions? Is the thesis statement specific? Does the major work support your thesis? If the answers are â€Å"Yes†, you have done a great job!

Buddhism Believers Practice Meditation

Buddhism Believers Practice Meditation There are a number of things that happen in the lives of humans, which are beyond one’s control. For example, no one can control the fortunes and misfortunes that normally occur in human life.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Buddhism Believer’s Practice: Meditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of every individual to take charge of his/her own state of mind and control what it thinks about at any particular time. Buddhism asserts that taking control of one’s state of mind is the most important thing that people can do. In Buddhism, this aspect is called meditation.1 The practice of meditation in Buddhism enables the believers to take control of things, such as fear, anxiety, hatred, confusion, and sorrow, which can make them commit sin.2 By reviewing a number of books, I intend to prove in this paper that the practice of meditation is the main driving force behind Buddhism. Meditation in Buddhism simply refers to practices that its believers use to make their minds think positively. The practice of meditation involves skills that develop and encourage concentration, positive thinking, and clarity regarding living and non-living things.3 When Buddhists engage in the practice of meditation, they get to understand the habits and behaviors of their minds. As a result, they are able to transform themselves into positive and understanding human beings. Buddhists strongly believe that meditation offers a transformative effect that brings about a new a way of understanding life.4 Every believer is required to learn the concepts of meditation in order to strengthen their faith in the religion. The practice of meditation is normally taught through the Triratna Buddhist Community. The basic practices in meditation are taught according to the original teachings of the historical Buddha.5Advertising Looking for proposal on religion t heology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The practices of meditation are considered effective if they are aimed at achieving calmness and emotional positivity among the believers of the religion. The practices are supposed to be taught by members of the Triratna Buddhist Order at Triratna Centers. These members are highly skilled meditators and the students who learn how to meditate need to have an interest in Buddhism.6 Buddhist meditation is majorly divided into two categories: insight and tranquility meditations. The two categories of Buddhist meditations are combined and used at the same time.7 However, in some cases, the two meditations are used one after the other. In cases where the two are used separately, tranquility is used first, followed by the insight meditation. The two categories of meditation are normally used simultaneously to enable the believers to obtain maximum results.8 Insight meditation, which is also known as vippasana, uses a number of skills taught in Buddhism to enhance the believer’s faith. Insight mediation literally includes the skills taught in tranquility meditation and other areas of the religion. Insight meditation helps Buddhist believers to practice absolute and important truths. It is said that Buddhist believers who practice insight meditation have the hopes of appreciating the truths of suffering and impermanence.9 The practice of insight meditation is majorly based on the concept of mindfulness. Mindfulness is an improved state of concentration in which the mind is given a chance to take control of the entire system of human beings. When a person is mindful of something, he carefully thinks and observes it.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Buddhism Believer’s Practice: Meditation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Buddhist believers, through insight meditation, not only focus on wh at happens to and around them, but also try to understand how these things come to happen the way they do.10 The believers of Buddhism can only see the fruits of the insight meditation if they identify and understand the important truths taught in the religion. The believers are supposed to practice what the Buddhist doctrines say in everything they do. The main part of Buddhist doctrines and practices, which is also provided for in insight meditation, is liberation. This implies that a Buddhist believer who practices insight meditation exclusively practices all the doctrines of the religion.11 The second type of meditation, tranquility, is based on the concept of concentration. Tranquility meditation is used to immobilize the minds of the believers and guide them to concentrate on major things that affect their lives. This type of meditation is intended to achieve its goals by using tools or virtues like loving-kindness and the recollection in Buddha’s sayings.12 Tranquility meditation assists Buddhist believers to achieve a number of goals in life. Firstly, the believers are assisted to detach themselves from the external world to enable them to develop the need for happiness.Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the believers use this meditation to acquire a state of exclusive equanimity and self-fulfillment. Lastly, tranquility meditation enables the believers to improve their concentration and reasoning with regard to what happens to them.13 In conclusion, this proposal intends to analyze the concept of meditation among Buddhist believers. The paper uses a number of books to illustrate the importance of meditation in Buddhism. The practice of meditation in Buddhism is primarily divided into two categories: insight and tranquility. The two types of meditation are based on, among other things, liberation, which is the main doctrine of Buddhism. Consequently, the paper shows that mediation is the core of the practices that all Buddhists undertake in their lives. Bibliography Gerner, Katy. Buddhism. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008.This book contains the main concepts of Buddhism. It is going to help me illustrate Buddhism as one of the major religions in the world . Ingram, Daniel M. Mastering the Core Teaching of the Buddha: An Unusually Hardcore Dharma Book. London: Aeon Books, 2008.This book contains aspects of meditation in Buddhism. It will assist me to explain how meditation forms the core of the Buddhism religion. Kuan, Tse-fu. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskirt Sources. New York, NY: Routledeg, 2008.This book contains the kinds of meditations used in Buddhism. It is going to be helpful in defining insight meditation and how it is applicable to the religion. Morgan, Diane. Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.This book talks about the main practices undertaken by Buddhist believers. It will help me to show why tranquility meditation is regarded as a core practice in Buddhism. Segall, Seth Robert. Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings. Albany, NY: State University of Ne w York Press, 2003.This book talks about the beliefs of Buddhists. It is helpful in explaining the impact of insight meditation on Buddhist believers. Shaw, Sarah. Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.This book sheds light on the applications of meditation in Buddhism. It will help me to explain the effects of insight meditation on Buddhist believers. Silva, Padmasiri. An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2000.This book explains practices and beliefs found in Buddhism. It is important in explaining the impact of tranquility meditation on Buddhism. Teece, Geoff. Buddhism. Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2005.This book illustrates the main practices of Buddhism. It is beneficial in explaining Buddhism as a religion. Waynne, Alexander. The Origin of Buddhist Meditation. New Yok, NY: Routledge, 2007.This book explains the characteristics and origin of Buddhism as a religion. It will help me to e xplain the origin of the meditation practice in Buddhism. Wood, Cavan. Buddhism. Oxford, Heinemann Educational, 2002.This book explains Buddhism as a special type of religion. It will help me to explain meditation as a special concept in Buddhism. Footnotes 1 Geoff Teece, Buddhism (Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2005), 8. 2 Geoff, 14. 3 Katty Gerner, Buddhism (Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008), 6-8. 4 Katty, 10 5 Cavan Wood, Buddhism (Oxford, Heinemann Educational, 2002), 7. 6 Cavan, 9. 7 Sarah, Shaw, Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon (New York, NY: Routledge, 2006), 8-14. 8 Alexander Waynne, The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (New Yok, NY: Routledge, 2007), 96-100. 9 Seth Robert Segall, Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2003), 65-71. 10 Daniel M. Ingram, Mastering the Core Teaching of the Buddha: An Unusually Hardcore Dharma Book (London: Aeon Books, 2008), 57-60. 11Tse-fu Kuan, Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskirt Sources (New York, NY: Routledeg, 2008), 59-63. 12Diane Morgan, Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010), 124-128). 13 Padmasiri Silva, An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2000), 129-133.

A Fool-Proof Way to Achieve Any Goal - And Thats a Promise

A Fool-Proof Way to Achieve Any Goal - And Thats a Promise The Temptation of Giving Up A friend of mine set out to make croissants for the first time. For those of you unfamiliar with the art of French baking, these pastries require several stages of preparation over 2-3 days. On the second day of his first attempt, when the batter got too thin and sticky, my friend got frustrated and threw the dough into a bread pan instead of finishing the croissant-making process. I protested that he was giving up too soon, but to no avail. He ended up with some cross between biscuits and croissants, and a learning experience for the next attempt. The Art of Perseverance – A Lesson from Mouse Tales My tendency is not to give up on almost anything until absolutely all options have been exhausted. Part of that philosophy was hammered into me as a child through multiple readings of the book Mouse Tales, by Arnold Lobel. I did not realize it at the time, but I think I learned some of my most important life lessons from that book. In one story, The Journey, a mouse ventures out in his car on a road trip to his mother’s house. After driving for some time, he encounters a slight problem: The car, sadly, falls apart. But, thankfully, just at the right moment, there is someone selling roller skates at the side of the road. The mouse purchases a pair and rolls and rolls until, guess what? The wheels fall off of the roller skates. As luck would have it, there is a person selling boots at the side of the road! The mouse wears through the soles of the boots, and then through a pair of sneakers, and then, would you believe, though a pair of feet. When his feet get too tired to walk, amazingly enough, there is a person by the side of the road selling feet! The mouse makes it to his mother’s house wearing his brand new pair of feet. Excuses, Excuses Many of us in the mouse’s situation would never have made it to our mother’s house with all these breakdowns. Do any of these laments sound familiar? My car broke down! Now I have to take it to the shop. Sorry mom. I tried! I even tried getting there on roller skates! But everything just keeps falling apart. It wasn’t meant to be. My hands are tied. Bad things are always happening to me. No one is there to help me. I have to do everything alone! I can’t let my mother know that my car is so old and broken down. I don’t have time for this. These excuses keep us from being creative, from keeping our eye on the prize, and from noticing that person who shows up just at the right time to help us. They keep us from prioritizing our relationships. And they have us tossing in the towel long before the game is truly over. The Magic Formula for Achieving Any Goal Setting aside all judgment about how important our mother would feel if we gave up on our journey, what this Mouse Tale has to teach us is something about persistence and perseverance. This mouse was not about to give up no matter what. He understood that his commitment to his goal was beyond any limitation on how he would achieve it. And at every juncture where he could have thrown up his paws and said â€Å"I can’t† or â€Å"It’s impossible† or â€Å"It’s too hard,† he found an alternative and went with it. My friend Seth and I, some time ago, identified a surefire and quite simple way to reliably achieve any goal: â€Å"Don’t give up until you achieve it.† You will either achieve that goal or you will die trying. Whether it’s making croissants, getting a new job, or making a visit to mom, the rule always applies. That’s the rule the mouse followed. He reached his goal, he could feel proud of himself, and his mother was very very happy. [By the way, my croissant-making friend did try again. Things did not go perfectly the second time either, but he pressed on until actual croissants, albeit dense ones, came out of the oven. Perhaps the third time will be the charm.]

Distributive Justice (M4C) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Distributive Justice (M4C) - Essay Example However reasonable this might appear in the light of economic yardsticks, it will always remain a futile attempt in achieving medical ethics, if profit takes the center stage. Quality of healthcare may necessitate medical plans that require certain medical plans in the modern age. The sustainability of integrated health care plans designed in the modern era attracts a lot of complications that go far beyond cost issues (Frangenberg, 2011). Medical management will increasingly find it invaluable to rely on the provisions of medical ethics if the core responsibility of ensuring patients’ health is not to be compromised. Future medical systems will only veer off the controversy of inappropriate practices by conducting prior considerations of the underlying ethical issues before celebrating when it is too early. Distributive justice criteria is applied in the determination of where and how to allocate resources and is entirely guided by fairness principles (Maddox, 1998). Ach of the criteria must be thoroughly and critically dissected to determine implications on the basic ethics expected. It is therefore illogical to implement a blanket policy where the uninsured patients pay higher charges for the same procedure given to the insured. Maddox, P.J. (1998) â€Å"Administrative Ethics and the Allocation of Scarce Resources.† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 3(3) Retrieved from:

Present and critically assess Kolodny's account of love Essay

Present and critically assess Kolodny's account of love - Essay Example Kolodny selects appropriate relationships which can serve as reason for love according to three characteristics defined in his theory; he finds that appropriate relationships are ongoing, historical and existent between particular people. He also notes that love has a symmetrical nature and applies it to all kinds of relationships reviewed in his paper. I believe that his theory tries to simplify love by excluding degenerate kinds of love from it; the nature of love is complex and it can appear in the situations which are excluded by Kolodny (2003) in his theory. The complexity of love is easy to prove. For instance, there is no clear definition of love shared by all people. Since love is often treated as a set of beliefs about valuable relationships, the definition of these relationships will also be individual. For example, in love relationships between two partners both participants do not necessarily define their finally valuable relationships similarly. For one person the present relationships can be fully appropriate because they meet all beliefs and expectations shared by this person. The other person can be unsatisfied with present relationships because they fail to become a realization of all beliefs shared by this person. As a result, one person will consider these relationships to be appropriate to reason love while the other person will not treat them as love at all. Even though such relationships meet all criteria set by Kolodny (2003), they are not symmetrical in their realization. In this way, the proposed model fails to consi der such a situation where people in relationships define their finally valuable relationships in different way. There are even more examples of degenerate relationships which are excluded from Kolodnys theory, but they can reason love. For instance, Kolodny (2003) believes that the relationships between student and teacher are not

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Developing the Professional Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Developing the Professional - Coursework Example Reference List 15 Appendices 17 Appendix A 17 Appendix B 18 Skills and Character Audit In this essay, I will shed light on my personal skill set and try to create a framework with which I can develop my existing skill level up to a greater extent. This document will also try to analyze my character and skill set that I developed during Masters Programme. After auditing my present skill set, I will conduct a personal SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) in order to identify critical skill areas which I need to improve in order to ensure my academic and professional development. Before going to the discussion about my skill level, I will try to shed light on the question that why personal skill development is an essential part for a management professional or for a student pursuing management course? Wilson (2009) pointed out that students in the management course should be encouraged to write reflective essays and such reflective writing helps them to identify their skill gaps. Ertmer and Newby (1996, p. 18) defined importance of reflective skill auditing as â€Å"reflection is critical for transforming the knowledge gained in and on action into knowledge available for action.† ... halyi (1996) and Maani and Maharaj (2004) defined intellectual skills as the combination of linear thinking approaches such as empirical testing, analytic thinking, imagination and visualization, creativity, intuition, holistic evaluation and emotional intelligence. However, I cannot boast myself for having all the above mentioned linear intellectual skill sets but I believe that at present, I am complemented with certain level of intellectual skills. Losada and Heaphy (2004) and Vance et al. (2007) stressed on the fact that modern managers use non-linear dynamic pattern of intellectual thinking in order to solve complex business problems. Hence, it is evident from the discussion that developing intellectual skill plays vital role for a modern day managers. In such context, auditing my intellectual skill set will definitely help me to judge whether I am competent enough to handle corporate world challenge or not? Intellectual (thinking) skills Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly D isagree 1. I am a creative person who can adapt my thinking to circumstances 2. I am able to organise my thoughts, analyse, synthesise and critically appraise situations 3. I can identify assumptions, evaluate statements in terms of evidence, detect false logic or reasoning, identify implicit values, define terms adequately and generalise appropriately The first skill set is identifying my capability of being flexible and creative enough to adapt to the situational demand. I believe that my instinct works in well balance manner when it comes to being creative or develop new thinking. For example, during my MSc program in Management from University of Glamorgan, I got the opportunity to showcase my creative when it comes to preparing project with team members or solving a business case study

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Judaism - Essay Example Jerusalem is their holy city. Oneness of God is the most important principles of Judaism. They believe that God loves his people but also, gives heavy punishment to those who deviate from his path. Another very essential belief is of repentance. Unlike Christians, Jews believe that "Messiah" was yet to be born and most awaited by them. They believe that only the advent of "Messiah" would save the people from sins. Judaism has three main sects Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Judaism. Voni (2007) says that, "The Orthodox believes that there are 613 laws that were given to Moses from God the Father and follow those laws." As the name indicates, they follow the strictest rules and are the most conservative form of Judaism. They believe and thrive to observe their religion in its original form and get inspired by each word written in their sacred texts. This is the oldest, most conservative, and most diverse form of Judaism. Modern Orthodox, Chasidim and Ultra Orthodox share a basic belief in the derivation of Jewish law, even as they hold very different outlooks on life. They attempt to follow the original form of Judaism as they view it to be. They look upon every word in their sacred texts as being divinely inspired. Reform Judaism mo

Carl Jung Theory Essay Example for Free

Carl Jung Theory Essay Jungs theory divides the psyche into three parts. The first is the ego, which Jung identifies with the conscious mind. Closely related is the personal unconscious, which includes anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. The personal unconscious is like most peoples understanding of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason. But it does not include the instincts that Freud would have it include. But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand out from all others: the collective unconscious. You could call it your psychic inheritance. It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it. It influences all of our experiences and behaviors, most especially the emotional ones, but we only know about it indirectly, by looking at those influences. There are some experiences that show the effects of the collective unconscious more clearly than others: The experiences of love at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that youve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outer reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious. Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the world and in all times, or the spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that many people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death. They speak of leaving their bodies, seeing their bodies and the events surrounding them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to leave this happy scene to return to their bodies. Perhaps we are all built to experience death in this fashion. Archetypes The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes. Jung also called them dominants, imagos, mythological or primordial images, and a few other names, but archetypes seem to have won out over these. An archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. The archetype has no form of its own, but it acts as an organizing principle on the things we see or do. It works the way that instincts work in Freuds theory: At first, the baby just wants something to eat, without knowing what it wants. It has a rather indefinite yearning, which, nevertheless, can be satisfied by some things and not by others. Later, with experience, the child begins to yearn for something more specific when it is hungry a bottle, a cookie, a broiled lobster, a slice of New York style pizza. The archetype is like a black hole in space: You only know its there by how it draws matter and light to itself. The mother archetype The mother archetype is a particularly good example. All of our ancestors had mothers. We have evolved in an environment that included a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived without our connection with a nurturing-one during our times as helpless infants. It stands to reason that we are built in a way that reflects that evolutionary environment: We come into this world ready to want mother, to seek her, to recognize her, to deal with her. So the mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of mothering. Jung says that this is rather abstract, and we are likely to project the archetype out into the world and onto a particular person, usually our own mothers. Even when an archetype doesnt have a particular real person available, we tend to personify the archetype, that is, turn it into a mythological story-book character. This character symbolizes the archetype. The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial mother or earth mother of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less personal symbols such as the church, the nation, a forest, or the ocean. According to Jung, someone whose own mother failed to satisfy the demands of the archetype may well be one that spends his or her life seeking comfort in the church, or in identification with the motherland, or in meditating upon the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea. Mana You must understand that these archetypes are not really biological things, like Freuds instincts. They are more spiritual demands. For example, if you dreamt about long things, Freud might suggest these things represent the phallus and ultimately sex. But Jung might have a very different interpretation. Even dreaming quite specifically about a penis might not have much to do with some unfulfilled need for sex. It is curious that in primitive societies, phallic symbols do not usually refer to sex at all. They usually symbolize mana, or spiritual power. These symbols would be displayed on occasions when the spirits are being called upon to increase the yield of corn, or fish, or to heal someone. The connection between the penis and strength, between semen and seed, between fertilization and fertility are understood by most cultures. The shadow Sex and the life instincts in general are, of course, represented somewhere in Jungs system. They are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past, when our concerns were limited to survival and reproduction, and when we werent self-conscious. It is the dark side of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there. Actually, the shadow is amoral neither good nor bad, just like animals. An animal is capable of tender care for its young and vicious killing for food, but it doesnt choose to do either. It just does what it does. It is innocent. But from our human perspective, the animal world looks rather brutal, inhuman, so the shadow becomes something of a garbage can for the parts of ourselves that we cant quite admit to. Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the garden of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons. It often guards the entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious. Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with! The persona The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and personality, and comes from a Latin word for mask. So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype, by the time we are finished realizing it, it is the part of us most distant from the collective unconscious. At its best, it is just the good impression we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us. But, of course, it can also be the false impression we use to manipulate peoples opinions and behaviors. And, at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature: Sometimes we believe we really are what we pretend to be! Anima and animus A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex organs that only gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female. Likewise, when we begin our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. Almost immediately as soon as those pink or blue booties go on we come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women. In all societies, the expectations placed on men and women differ, usually based on our different roles in reproduction, but often involving many details that are purely traditional. In our society today, we still have many remnants of these traditional expectations. Women are still expected to be more nurturant and less aggressive; men are still expected to be strong and to ignore the emotional side of life. But Jung felt these expectations meant that we had developed only half of our potential. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women. Together, they are referred to as syzygy. The anima may be personified as a young girl, very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother. It is likely to be associated with deep emotionality and the force of life itself. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males, and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, and even argumentative. The anima or animus is the archetype through which you communicate with the collective unconscious generally, and it is important to get into touch with it. It is also the archetype that is responsible for much of our love life: We are, as an ancient Greek myth suggests, always looking for our other  half, the half that the Gods took from us, in members of the opposite sex. When we fall in love at first sight, then we have found someone that fills our anima or animus archetype particularly well! Other archetypes Jung said that there is no fixed number of archetypes that we could simply list and memorize. They overlap and easily melt into each other as needed, and their logic is not the usual kind. But here are some he mentions: Besides mother, their are other family archetypes. Obviously, there is father, who is often symbolized by a guide or an authority figure. There is also the archetype family, which represents the idea of blood relationship and ties that run deeper than those based on conscious reasons. There is also the child, represented in mythology and art by children, infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ child celebrated at Christmas is a manifestation of the child archetype, and represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. Curiously, Christmas falls during the winter solstice, which in northern primitive cultures also represents the future and rebirth. People used to light bonfires and perform ceremonies to encourage the suns return to them. The child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god, or the child-hero. Many archetypes are story characters. The hero is one of the main ones. He is the mana personality and the defeater of evil dragons. Basically, he represents the ego we do tend to identify with the hero of the story and is often engaged in fighting the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is, however, often dumb as a post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Luke Skywalker, in the Star Wars films, is the perfect example of a hero. The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete. In the beginning of the Star Wars story, Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the story progresses, she becomes the anima, discovering the powers of the force the collective unconscious and becoming an equal partner with Luke, who turns out to be her brother. The wise old man guides the hero. He is a form of the animus, and reveals to the hero the nature of the collective unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda. Notice that they teach Luke about the force and, as Luke matures, they die and become a part of him. You might be curious as to the archetype represented by Darth Vader, the dark father. He is the shadow and the master of the dark side of the force. He also turns out to be Luke and Leias father. When he dies, he becomes one of the wise old men. There is also an animal archetype, representing humanitys relationships with the animal world. The heros faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise. Animals, after all, are more in touch with their natures than we are. Perhaps loyal little robots and reliable old spaceships the Falcon are also symbols of animal. And there is the trickster, often represented by a clown or a magician. The tricksters role is to hamper the heros progress and to generally make trouble. In Norse mythology, many of the gods adventures originate in some trick or another played on their majesties by the half-god Loki. There are other archetypes that are a little more difficult to talk about. One is the original man, represented in western religion by Adam. Another is the God archetype, representing our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction. The hermaphrodite, both male and female, represents the union of opposites, an important idea in Jungs theory. In some religious art, Jesus is presented as a rather feminine man. Likewise, in China, the character Kuan Yin began as a male saint (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara), but was portrayed in such a feminine manner that he is more often thought of as the female goddess of compassion! The most important archetype of all is the self. The self is the ultimate unity of the personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala figures that Jung was fond of painting. A mandala is a drawing that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window. The personifications that best represent self are Christ and Buddha, two people who many believe achieved perfection. But Jung felt that perfection of the personality is only truly achieved in death.